Overview
The table moves numerals from dark toward crimson and increases weight as they depart from the chosen reference/alert landmarks. Color is display emphasis; it does not change the simulated state or establish a disease severity grade.
ESC/ERS 2022 Table 11 supplies available right-heart/flow reference ranges. Ventricular/systemic ranges are explicitly supplemental. ACC shock guidance informs context, but the software’s full set of color thresholds is not an ESC or ACC validated severity scale.
Current reference ranges
This table is generated from the same reference definitions as the hemodynamic summary.
| Metric | Reference | Basis |
|---|
| RA mean | 2–6 mmHg | ESC/ERS 2022 Table 11 |
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| PA systolic | 15–30 mmHg | ESC/ERS 2022 Table 11 |
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| PA diastolic | 4–12 mmHg | ESC/ERS 2022 Table 11 |
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| PA mean | 8–20 mmHg | ESC/ERS 2022 Table 11 |
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| PCWP / PAWP mean | ≤15 mmHg | ESC/ERS 2022 Table 11 |
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| Cardiac output | 4–8 L/min | ESC/ERS 2022 Table 11 |
|---|
| Cardiac index | 2.5–4 L/min/m² | ESC/ERS 2022 Table 11 |
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| PVR | 0.3–2 WU · 24–160 dyn·s/cm⁵ | ESC/ERS 2022 Table 11 |
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| RV systolic | 15–30 mmHg | Supplemental reference |
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| RVEDP | 0–8 mmHg | Supplemental reference |
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| LV systolic | 90–140 mmHg | Supplemental reference |
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| LVEDP | 5–12 mmHg | Supplemental reference |
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| Arterial systolic | 90–140 mmHg | Supplemental reference |
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| Arterial diastolic | 60–90 mmHg | Supplemental reference |
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| SVR | 10–15 WU · 800–1200 dyn·s/cm⁵ | Supplemental reference |
|---|
Illustrative alert landmarks
Examples include mean PA ≥20, wedge ≥20, LVEDP ≥20 mmHg; PVR >2 WU; CI <2.2 L/min/m²; severe low/high arterial pressure; and marked right-sided filling elevation. The ≥20 mean-PA display landmark intentionally differs from the guideline PH definition of >20 mmHg. PVR >2 is a definition-related abnormality, not automatically “very severe PH.”
Ventricular minimum/mean do not have invented standalone normal ranges: their emphasis borrows systolic/EDP context. Atrial peaks/troughs use mean pressure with additional extreme-wave flags. MAP receives added emphasis at low/high pressure landmarks. Continuous color interpolation is a UI choice, not a calibrated risk probability.
Intervention deterioration
The generic warning compares matched treated and untreated states for worsening output, pressure, filling, rate or outflow gradient. Pre-existing abnormal values alone are not proof that the intervention caused deterioration. Explicit contraindicated-use examples remain separate, including AV-nodal drugs in pre-excited AF, preload-reducing therapies in tamponade and IABP in significant AR.
For cardiogenic shock already receiving selected pressor plus inotrope support, expected MCS loading can be exempted from a loading-only warning when perfusion has not deteriorated and no contraindication is active. This is a display exception, not a rule that patients must receive both drugs before MCS.
Sedation and warning limits
Sedation has a stricter matched-comparison check so expected modest procedural effects do not automatically trigger the critical banner. Genuine modeled collapse still can.
A missing warning is not safety clearance. Clinical contraindications, patient-specific risks and procedural complications exceed the simulator’s rule set. The model is literature-informed synthetic educational data, not validated for clinical decision making or patient care.
References & further reading